Carbothermic reduction of refractory metals Journal
In general refractory metals and alloys are very compatible with liquid or boiling alkali metals However corrosion resistance of niobium and tantalum requires maintaining low oxygen in the system When the refractory metal contains a strong oxide former Zr Hf additional oxygen in the solid metal can be tolerated if it is tied up as a stable oxide ZrO sub 2 HfO sub 2
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Selection of Proper Refractory Materials for Energy Saving
Refractory lining of an aluminum melting and holding furnace are engineered with a primary design objective to keep the furnace condition stable throughout the life of the furnace In consideration of energy saving ideally all the heat added to the furnace should be used to heat the load or stock but in practice a lot of heat is lost in several ways
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ARC FURNACE AND ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT
Alloy preparation techniques are examined Applications of the arc furnace are described as well as those of electron bombardment heating with emphasis on refractory and highly reactive metals
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International Journal of Refractory Metals Hard Materials
G Mühl et al International Journal of Refractory Metals Hard Materials 72 2018 141–148 142 and carburized in an industrial graphite pusher type furnace at 1500 °C
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Int Journal of Refractory Metals Hard Materials
Measurement of residual thermal stress in WC–Co by neutron diffraction D Maria B Clausenb M A M Bourkeb K Bussa a Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL Institut de Physique de la Matière Complexe CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland bLos Alamos National Laboratory New Mexico 87545 USA article info Article history Received 12 September 2008
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Int Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
materials such as ceramic and refractory powders it is difficult to achieve full density due to the cracks generated by tensile stresses and thermal residual stresses under the rapid cooling rate Then hot shock consolidation HSC is explored whereby the powders are heated to moderatetemperaturesbeforeconsolidation Heatingreducesthehard
Get PriceOptimising aluminium furnace operation with ABB AL EMS
Aluminium is typically melted using gas fired burners Without stirring this would usually result in a very high meniscus top temperature and a very low bottom temperature the temperature difference between the top and bottom of an unstirred bath is typically between 50 to 80 o C A very high surface temperature results in more rapid surface oxidisation with a resulting increase in dross
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Microwave sintering of hardmetalsScienceDirect
ELSEVIER International Journal of Refractory Metals Hard Materials 16 1998 international Joumal of REFRACTORY METALS HARD MATERIALS Microwave sintering of hardmetals K R6digera K Dreyera T Gerdesb M Willert Poradab aWld a Munchener Str 90 45145 Essen Germany bUmvers tat Dortmund FB Chemtetechnik Emd Flgge Str 66 44227
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Application of Refractory Metals to Facilitate Hot Chamber
Refractory metals used in this study were Nb–1 Zr alloy Nb Anviloy W molybdenum metal Mo and Ti–6Al–4V Ti These refractory metals were chosen because they are currently under evaluation as liner materials for shot sleeve used for cold chamber die casting of structural aluminum alloys 15 Also their costs are relatively less expensive compared to other refractory metals such as
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Int Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
138 Q Zhou P Chen Int Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 52 2015 137–142 The relationship between the preheating temperature and final densities is shown in Fig 4
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Optimising aluminium furnace operation with ABB AL EMS
An electromagnetic stirrer works by placing an induction coil beneath or at the side of the furnace away from the shell and applying electrical power to the coil This generates a magnetic force which travels through the stainless steel plate and furnace refractory and into the melt
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Combustion synthesis of refractory and hard materials A
Int Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 39 2013 90–102 ⁎ Corresponding author ⁎⁎ Corresponding author Tel 86 10 fax 86 10 E mail addresses liugh02 mails tsinghua edu cn G Liu ljt0012 vip sina J Li see front matter © 2012 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved
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Int Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
refractory metals by forming more protective Zr M O 2 M=W Nb and Ta solid solutions 9–11 However due to the strongly covalent compounds and high melting point densification of the direct mixture of ZrC and the refractory metals usually need very high sintering tem perature and pressure 7 8 Recently dense near net shaped ZrC/WC/
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Carbide formation of Va group metals V Nb and Ta in a
Carbide formation of Va group metals V Nb and Ta in a solar furnace Published in International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials in January 2000
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Materials Free Full Text The Effect of Refractory Wall
The effect of high emissivity coatings on the radiative heat transfer in steam cracking furnaces is far from understood To start there is a lack of experimental data describing the emissive properties of the materials encountered in steam cracking furnaces Therefore spectral normal emissivity measurements are carried out evaluating the emissive properties of refractory firebricks before
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MANUFACTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF GAS FURNACE
for use A melting gas furnace can be used to melt down metals like tin lead brass copper and aluminum KEYWORDS Fabrication Gas Refractory Efficiency Furnace INTRODUCTION A furnace is an equipment used to melt metals for casting or to heat materials to change their shape e g rolling forging or properties heat treatment 1 2
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ARC FURNACE AND ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT
osti gov journal article arc furnace and electron bombardment techniques used in studies of the refractory metals Title ARC FURNACE AND ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT TECHNIQUES USED IN STUDIES OF THE REFRACTORY METALS
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Development of a High Efficiency Crucible Furnace for
ABSTRACT A crucible furnace is an equipment used in the foundry workshop or industry for melting metals for casting operations They are the oldest type of melting furnaces used for melting and holding small batches of non ferrous alloys for which a refractory crucible filled with metal is heated through the crucible wall This
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Leaching and recovery of platinum group metals from UG
decomposed refractory PGM In Lakefield s work it is presumed that PGM minerals were less refractory because of good results obtained One approach to a hydrometallurgical process is to remove interference from base metals by a pre oxidative leach of which the nitric acid method discussed above is an example before extracting PGM
Get PriceThe Effect of Aluminizing Nb Refractory Metal Surface on
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research iiste ISSN Online DOI 10 7176/JSTR Vol 5 No 10 2019 89 P a g e iiste However the oxidation resistance of refractory metals is low even at 1000oC The main reason for this
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Working Properties of Some Selected Refractory Clay
A refractory material is one which has the ability to withstand high temperature without breaking of deforming Refractory products are used wherever high temperatures are required and include refractory bricks for furnace linings tubes for electric furnaces crucibles thermocouple sheaths refractory cements among others
Get PriceIn Situ Alloy Formation of a WMoTaNbV Refractory Metal
points of refractory metals e g Vanadium at 1910 C 26 vs Tungsten at 3422 C 26 and the tendency to segregate during solidification manufacturing of refractory metal high entropy alloys is challenging Samples are commonly prepared by vacuum arc melting 18 19 or in the case of thin films by magnetron sputtering 27 Some alloys are
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Refractory Metalan overview ScienceDirect Topics
A narrowly defined class of refractory metals would include metals with melting points > 2000°C niobium chromium molybdenum tantalum tungsten and rhenium 1 while a wider class would also include those with melting points above 1850°C vanadium hafnium titanium zirconium ruthenium osmium rhodium and iridium The current practical application of refractory metals is relatively widespread
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Development of a High Efficiency Crucible Furnace for
ABSTRACT A crucible furnace is an equipment used in the foundry workshop or industry for melting metals for casting operations They are the oldest type of melting furnaces used for melting and holding small batches of non ferrous alloys for which a refractory crucible filled with metal is heated through the crucible wall This
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FURNACES AND REFRACTORIESModern Eq
Cones with different oxide composition are placed in sequence of their melting temperature alongside a row of refractory bricks in a furnace The furnace is fired and the temperature rises One cone will bends together with the refractory brick This is the temperature range in oC above which the refractory cannot be used
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Non contact thermophysical property measurements of
Thermophysical properties of several refractory metals over wide temperature ranges in the undercooled as well as in the superheated state could be measured using the unique capabilities of the electrostatic levitation furnace On going efforts focus on tungsten whose melting temperature is the highest among metals
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UNITECR 2021 FIRE COURSE Corrosion of refractories The
Corrosion is a complex matter which will remain a recurrent topic always to be considered So understanding the corrosion of refractories is crucial to extend campaign lifetime UNITECR 2021 FIRE COURSE will provide participants with the conceptual and practical tools they need to understand and predict thermochemical phenomena thereby
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International Journal of Refractory Metals Hard Materials
Mühl et al International Journal of Refractory Metals Hard Materials 72 2018 141–148 142 and carburized in an industrial graphite pusher type furnace at 1500 °C and 2000 °C respectively After carburization the slightly sintered powder was not
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Int Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
S Wawrzik et al Int Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 50 2015 282–289 283 Temperature wascalibrated with various melting points of pure metals as well with the Co–2 5 wt C eutectic reaction at 1320 °C
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Application of Refractory Metals to Facilitate Hot Chamber
The fraction of this liquid increases with increasing temperature above the critical temperature which is the temperature of the eutectic reaction or peritectic reaction 7 Iron has a eutectic reaction at 655 °C with aluminum at the aluminum rich corner of the Al–Fe phase diagram while the refractory metals have peritectic reaction temperatures higher than the Al–Fe eutectic temperature 17T C can be
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A melting furnace for studies of refractory metal alloys
During a study of wrought alloys of the W Ta Mo Cb system Crucible Steel Co designed built and successfully operated a consumable electrode vacuum arc furnace for melting small cylindrical ingots of refractory metals alloys
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Optimising aluminium furnace operation with ABB AL EMS
An electromagnetic stirrer works by placing an induction coil beneath or at the side of the furnace away from the shell and applying electrical power to the coil This generates a magnetic force which travels through the stainless steel plate and furnace refractory and into the melt
Get PriceMicrowave sintering of hardmetalsScienceDirect
ELSEVIER International Journal of Refractory Metals Hard Materials 16 1998 international Joumal of REFRACTORY METALS HARD MATERIALS Microwave sintering of hardmetals K R6digera K Dreyera T Gerdesb M Willert Poradab aWld a Munchener Str 90 45145 Essen Germany bUmvers tat Dortmund FB Chemtetechnik Emd Flgge Str 66 44227
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Selection of Proper Refractory Materials for Energy Saving
International Journal of Metallurgical Engineering 2012 1 6 119 Because of refractory corrosion and wear the temperature profile of a furnace lining changes depending on the operating conditions and furnace design which needs a close watch because the initial calculated thermal profile changes
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